Welcome to PINDAI – CAIT Indonesia Climate Data Explorer!

The Platform Interaktif untuk Data Iklim (PINDAI)/ CAIT Indonesia Climate Data Explorer presents Indonesia’s climate data and information at the provincial level. The tool includes historical and projected emissions profiles, climate commitments and development plans. The PINDAI/ CAIT Indonesia platform is a work-in-progress that will develop as new information is made available by the Indonesian government in the future.

All data and information in this tool are available for direct download, allowing you to perform your own analyses. The data and information is derived directly from the Regional Action Plan of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (RAD GRK), SIGN SMART (Sistem Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca Nasional: Sederhana, Mudah, Akurat, Ringkas, & Transparan), Regional Mid-term Development Plan (RPJMD) and the Monitoring, Evaluation and Reporting (MER) document. Please note that there are limitations to the methodology behind the datasets in this platform that must be considered when interpreting the data and analyses.

The dashboard provides an overview of information, including top 10 emitting provinces, primary sources of emissions and emissions profile. You can click on a province of interest on the Country Map page to see its brief profile. Please go to the Profiles page to read in-depth information about each province’s emissions profile. You can also compare emissions profiles between two provinces on the Compare page.

The progress towards achieving an emissions reduction target is calculated based on annual Monitoring, Evaluation, and Reporting (MER, or in Indonesian Pemantauan, Evaluasi dan Pelaporan, referred to as PEP) documents submitted by each province to the Sekretariat RAN GRK. The document provides an “indicated reduction” (MtCO2e) for each province in 2010, which is compared against the absolute amount of reductions (MtCO2e) as set in the reduction targets from each province’s RAD GRK document.

The top 10 emitting provinces are based on 2010 total GHG emissions derived from SIGN SMART CRF tables. Source: “SIGN SMART, Direktorat Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca dan Monitoring, Pelaporan, dan Verifikasi,”Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. 2015. Accessed June, 2016. http://signsmart.menlhk.go.id/home/emisi.

Introduction

Indonesia is an archipelagic country with thirty-four unique provinces where different climate actions are planned and implemented. The Indonesia Climate Data Explorer—or Platform Interaktif untuk Data Iklim (PINDAI)—is part of WRI’s CAIT Climate Data Explorer,[1] a suite of tools containing comprehensive and comparable climate policy and emissions data. The Indonesia Climate Data Explorer can help governmental and civil society actors advance effective climate policy implementation in Indonesia in a number of ways:

1.    Understand a province’s proposed emissions reduction targets

Indonesia has thirty-four provinces, each with unique landforms and economic activities. Given this diversity, each province must adjust its climate commitment to fit its particular set of environmental and economic circumstances. The tool is intended to increase the transparency of the government’s plans and to improve understanding of the multiple dimensions of Indonesian climate action—such as mitigation activities and development plans—at the subnational level. It provides a general overview of the provinces’ emission profiles and the plans to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. The main source of data in the Indonesia Climate Data Explorer is each provincial Local Action Plan for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction (RAD GRK).

2.     Understand a province’s profile relative to other provinces

The Indonesia Climate Data Explorer can be used to compare a province’s climate action plans with those of other provinces to understand different approaches and aims. For example, by using the tool, users can explore information on which provinces have developed adaptation plans in addition to mitigation plans in their RAD GRKs. In the “compare provinces” tab, users also can compare each province’s emission profile, sectoral breakdown, and primary source of emissions.

3.     Understand a province’s development plan and how it aligns with its climate commitment

The Indonesia Climate Data Explorer allows for an evaluation of each province’s mid-term development plan in light of its climate commitment. In essence, the proposed mitigation programs in RAD GRKs should be integrated into the Medium Term Local Development Plans (RPJMDs). As a document that encompasses programs and the future direction of development, RPJMDs should also indicate programs and strategies in RAD GRKs. Using the tool, users can better understand a province’s development plan in the context of its alignment, or lack thereof, with its climate commitment. The tool presents specific mission statements and policy directions within RPJMD that support actions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in that province. This section of the tool provides an opportunity to enhance the province's accountability in implementing its greenhouse gas emissions reduction commitments.

Methodology

The Indonesia Climate Data Explorer draws primarily from RAD GRKs and RPJMDs from Indonesian national and regional government agencies, including the Secretariat of National Action Plan for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction (Sekretariat RAN GRK), the National Development Planning Agency (BAPPENAS), and the Provincial Development Planning Agencies (BAPPEDA). Additional historical emissions information is derived from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry’s Inventory System for National Greenhouse Gases (SIGN SMART).

Under the Presidential Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia No. 61 Year 2011 (Presidential Regulation 61/2011), each province issued a RAD GRK outlining steps to tangibly reduce greenhouse gas emissions. RAD GRKs are submitted—no later than twelve months after the Presidential Regulation—to BAPPENAS and the Ministry of Home Affairs. The compilation of RAD GRKs is facilitated by the Ministry of Home Affairs together with BAPPENAS and the Ministry of Forestry and Environment (formerly the Ministry of the Environment). Each province in Indonesia[2] developed their RAD GRK by December 2012. The documents are reviewed by BAPPENAS and each province’s BAPPEDA, and updated taking into account provincial historical mitigation actions, the latest RPJMD and national development priorities, and Indonesia’s INDC.

The RPJMD document is submitted periodically by each province to outline the direction and concrete steps of the province’s development. If policy alignment exists, the RAD GRK should be included as a cross-sectoral program within each RPJMD to allow funding allocation for the action plan to be estimated and secured. Each province’s RPJMD period varies, ranging usually from four to five years. In this tool, provincial RPJMDs that are in the period 2010–20 are used to correspond with the time of the development and implementation of RAD GRKs. For a comprehensive list of various versions and titles of RAD GRK documents, and corresponding RPJMD periods used for each province, please refer to Appendix 2.

Provincial information

The provincial information contains a province-specific profile, including its capital city, population (in thousands), gross provincial income (million Rp),[3] total area (km²), and total forest land area (ha). The year chosen for quantitative information is 2010 in order to align with the base year used for emissions. For provinces with data available, emissions intensity of gross provincial product (tCO₂e/ million Rp) and emissions per capita (tCO₂e/capita) are calculated.

Basic information—including the capital city and population—are extracted from Statistik Indonesia, an annual report published by the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics (BPS).[4] Data on total forest land is synthesized from the Indonesian National Carbon Accounting System (INCAS) website, based on “UNFCCC—Forest Land.”[5] Data on provincial GDP is from a BPS website.[6]

Emissions Profile

The emissions profile for each province presents historical emissions in a base year (2010), projected business-as-usual (BAU) scenario emissions in the target year (2020), as well as a target level of emissions if the reduction targets are met. Historical emissions are sourced from SIGN SMART. Projected emissions data are gathered from chapter IV, “Analysis on GHG Emissions,” from each province’s RAD GRK document. For a detailed explanation of the structure of RAD GRK documents, see Appendix 1. Not all provinces clearly present this information, or present it in a consistent manner in the RAD GRK documents. The following adjustments were made in order to harmonize data across provinces:

1. Identification of base year

As directed in RAN GRK, 2010 is used as the historical reference point, and 2020 as a baseline reference year (for the BAU scenario). For a historical or base year emissions profile, SIGN SMART 2010 data are used. Due to incomplete data, RAD GRK historical emissions are not used for provincial base year emissions profiles, but are included in the tool as a reference. Please see the “Limitations” section for detailed discussions of data discrepancies and quality.  Most RAD GRKs follow the same reference point as RAN GRKs; however, some provinces use a different year due to missing or incomplete emissions inventory for 2010 during the development of their RAD GRK. These provinces are:

• DKI Jakarta—chose base year 2005, and baseline reference year 2030[7]
• Jawa Timur (East Java)—chose base year 2011
• Gorontalo—chose base year 2012
• Maluku—chose base year 2012

Emissions numbers for these provinces are still included in the tool (with their base years noted in parentheses).

2. Harmonization of units 

Quantitative emissions data sets were converted into million metric tons of carbon dioxide equivalent (MtCO₂e). For units that are presented in measurements other than million metric tons (Mt), such as gigagram (Gg) or metric tons, we made simple conversions:

1Mt = 1,000 Gg = 1,000,000 metric tons

Greenhouse gas emissions reported in CH₄ or N₂O are converted to CO₂ equivalent (CO₂e) using the 100-year global warming potential (GWP) values from IPCC’s Second Assessment Report (SAR, or AR2).[8] AR2 GWP values were chosen here since that measure is used in the latest Biennial Update Report (BUR) submission from Indonesia to the UNFCCC.

Box 1. GWP Values

Global warming potential is a factor describing the radiative forcing impact of 1 unit of a given greenhouse gas relative to 1 unit of CO₂.

For numbers that lack clear units, there was no attempt to harmonize them and they were excluded.

3. Aggregation of sectors

As directed in the technical guidelines for RAD GRK documents, sectoral emissions are aggregated into three categories:

• Agriculture and forestry[9]
• Energy, transport, and industry[10]
• Waste[11]

For provinces that only report partial information for a certain sector, a total is not provided as the inventory is incomplete. For historical emissions from SIGN SMART, we aggregated its gross land use emission and agriculture emission into category Agriculture and Forestry, energy emission into category Energy, Transport and Industry, and waste emission into category Waste. Due to the incompleteness of the provincial industrial emission data from SIGN SMART, this sector is not included when calculating sectoral emissions and total emissions for each province. Nationally, the industry sector accounts for 36.39 MtCO₂e in 2010, or 3 percent of total emissions. This three-sector aggregation is used throughout the tool for both quantitative and qualitative information. See the “Mitigation Actions” section below for detailed information.

Emissions Reduction Target

Indonesia’s national emissions reduction target for 2020 is a reduction from BAU emissions, or a baseline scenario target. Accordingly, Indonesian provinces also use baseline scenario emissions to benchmark their emissions reductions. The emissions reduction targets are presented in one or moreof the following forms:

1. Percentage reduction compared to BAU emissions (% of BAU)
2. Absolute amount of reductions (MtCO₂e) from the BAU trajectory in the target year, in total and with sectoral breakdowns
3. Target level of emissions to be achieved (MtCO₂e) in target year, in total, and with sectoral breakdowns.

Depending on data availability, calculations are made so that all targets are presented in all three forms. The absolute amount of reductions is used for tracking provincial progress toward the emissions reduction target; the target level of emissions is presented along with the provincial historical and BAU emissions profile in visualizations (line chart and donut chart) on the platform to provide a complete picture.

Box 2. Definitions related to Indonesia’s emissions reduction target

Source: Kelly Levin, Jared Finnegan, David Rich, and Pankaj Bhatia. 2014. Mitigation Goal Standard. Washington D.C.: World Resources Institute.

Tracking the progress toward emissions reduction targets

Progress toward the emissions reduction target is calculated based on annual Monitoring, Evaluation, and Reporting (MER, or in Indonesian Pemantauan, Evaluasi dan Pelaporan, referred to as PEP) documents[12] submitted by each province to the Sekretariat RAN GRK. The document provides an “indicated reduction” (MtCO₂e) for each province, which is compared against the absolute amount of reductions (MtCO₂e) as set in the reduction targets. 

As of the publication of the tool, the latest information available is the 2016 implementation report of RAD GRK by BAPPENAS, synthesizing provincial submissions. An aggregated progress toward achieving the provincial emissions reduction target is also included in the dashboard of the tool, comparing the sum of indicated reductions of each province against the sum of reductions. However, the aggregation of all the “provincial reduction targets” will get to part—but not all—of Indonesia’s national target of 26 percent reductions against the BAU scenario. In addition to provincial efforts, mitigation activities also are conducted by ministries at the national level that fall under RAN GRK.

Mitigation Activities

The provincial mitigation activities are gathered from RAD GRK documents and categorized into three sectors: (1) agriculture and forestry; (2) energy, transport, and industry; and (3) waste.

RAD GRK is intended to provide each province’s local mitigation plans. The Guideline for Implementing Green House Gas Emission Reduction Action Plan[13] provides a comprehensive list of mitigation action proposals based on sectors and authorities, where each province can choose and follow the programs to be included in the RAD GRK. This guideline is used as a reference point for listing the mitigation programs in the tool.

Adaptation Plans

On top of mitigation plans, very few RAD GRKs mentioned adaptation plans. For those that did, adaptation activities include practices and functions to reduce risk as well as exploration of new opportunities to cope with the changing environment. For example, Sulawesi Tengah mentioned that their adaptation plan is the application and development of climate change adaptation technology, such as biopesticides and/or biofertilizer for horticulture and plantation crops. Gorontalo said that its plan to rehabilitate its mangrove forests both reduces greenhouse gas emissions and increases its resilience (adaptation) to the effects of climate change, such as sea level rise. When a province mentions such plans for climate change adaptation, we marked “Yes” on the “Adaptation included” indicator; otherwise, the province will be marked with no adaptation included.

Development Plans

At the provincial level, climate-change-related policies have been set out in the local development strategy in the RPJMD documents. RAD GRK is an integrated part of the local development strategy and is based on policies and local strategic plans. Therefore, the RAD GRK document can serve as a guideline for provincial governments to carry out and achieve sustainable local development. In order to ensure each province’s climate commitment, there should not be any contradictions in their local development action plan. Note the different time scope these documents cover—while RAD GRKs were developed in 2011–12 to target activities for the period from 2010 to 2020, RPJMDs have a shorter time scope, and most end in 2016–18.

Each provincial RPJMD is assessed, focusing on the vision, mission, goals, and objectives, as well as strategy and policy direction, to see if any program supports the implementation of the mitigation activities described in the corresponding RAD GRK document. The methodology used for assessing provincial RPJMDs is explained below.

Supportive Mission Statement in RPJMD

If a province indicates sustainable development planning and climate mitigation development planning in one of their mission statements, that information is presented as a “supportive mission statement.” For example, Sumatera Barat’s RPJMD states its fifth mission is to achieve “sustainable and environmentally sound development by conducting sustainable natural resources management.”

Supportive Policy Direction in RPJMD in each sector

If a province mentions any strategy and policy direction that would support implementation of mitigation activity and programs in RAD GRK, it is presented in the tool as a “supportive policy direction” for that sector. For example, Sumatera Utara indicates strategies and policy direction for “forest protection and conservation and greening of mangrove forests.” This strategy is included in the tool under “Supportive policy direction in RPJMD (agriculture and forestry).” It also mentions strategies and policy direction for “management of renewable energy (hydro, micro hydro, geothermal, solar and biomass) to the maximum,” which is included in the tool under “Supportive policy direction in RPJMD (energy, transportation, and industry).”

Indication of challenges in RPJMD in each sector

Potential challenges in RPJMD are noted when there are any projects, programs, or approaches in the development planning that could have adverse effects on greenhouse gas reduction programs or when safeguard mechanisms are not described. For example, Jawa Timur aims to “increase exploration and exploitation to develop mining and mineral resources.” Such a program has adverse implicationsfor greenhouse gas reduction programs, as it could lead to deforestation or destruction of other natural resources.

Table 1. Summary of indicator and data source

Limitations

Due to the varied quality of data sources for provinces, there are certain limitations of the Indonesia Climate Data Explorer, particularly on the quantitative side.

Data availability is an overall limitation in developing this tool. Although technical guidelines are provided by Sekretariat RAN GRK, more than a third of RAD GRKs issued in 2011–12 did not include 2010 emissions, nor did they include projected 2020 BAU emissions that are used as the baseline for reductions. Even within the document, there are some discrepancies in the data. The Sekretariat RAN GRK reasoned that most RAD GRKs are incomplete and are still under review,[22] and those revised versions of RAD GRKs are not yet compiled in the BAPPENAS database. In order to fill data gaps from RAD GRKs, SIGN SMART was chosen as the primary data source for each province’s historical emission profile, in part because of the methodology’s transparency, as well as its adherence to the common reporting format of the UNFCCC inventory reporting process. Data discrepancy also limits the ability to fill data gaps with alternative data sources. For example, the Indonesia National Carbon Accounting System (INCAS) only reports land-based emissions, while the 2016 RAD-GRK implementation report does not include agriculture-associated emissions in 2010 and 2020 BAU inventories. When comparing RAD GRK numbers across multiple sources, such as INCAS and the Inventory System for National Greenhouse Gases (SIGN SMART), we found some contradictory data.[23] The Potret RAD-GRK assembled and published by Sekretariat RAN GRK in 2012 contains general information about each provincial RAD GRK.[24]However, we found that most of the numbers presented in Potret RAD GRK did not match the actual RAD-GRK. Due to the lack of transparency in the methodology and data sources used for Potret RAD GRK, we decided not to report emission data from Potret RAD GRK. In addition, due to the data discrepancy and varied underlying methodology for different data sources, no attempt was made to combine data from different data sources into a single inventory.

In addition, not all RAD GRKs are accessible by the public on the Sekretariat RAN GRK website. During data collection, many RAD GRK documents had to be obtained by directly inquiring to BAPPENAS through e-mail. All those documents are available for download through the download page of the platform (accessible at: http://www.wri.org/resources/data-sets/cait-indonesia-climate-data-explorer-pindai-data).

Lastly, regarding the accounting methodologies and approaches used in the main data source (RAD GRK) for the tool, we were unable to determine how land use emissions were calculated in the data sources, and thus cannot discuss the accounting approach and methodology for the land sector. In addition, due to limited capacity and time, an assessment of the adoption milestones and implementation indicators—such as budget allocated, timeline, and GHG/non-GHG effects of each mitigation activity or development plan identified in the tool—was not performed.

Acronyms

Appendix

Appendix 1. Structure of RAD GRK Document

The structure of RAD GRKs follows the process and sectoral breakdown contained in RAN-GRKs (top-down approach). Additionally, it takes into account the characteristics and emissions potential, the administrative authority, and the sectoral areas and development priority of the region (bottom-up approach).[xxv] During the development of a RAD GRK, there is an active interaction between national technical agencies (Sekretariat RAN GRK) and regional technical agencies (BAPPEDA) and international institutions in the form of workshops and meetings for technical assistance. The presentation of a RAD GRK is in the form of a report book consisting of seven chapters. The structure is shown below (Table A-1).

Table A-1.  Structure of a RAD GRK^[xxvi]

Appendix 2. List of RAD GRK Documents and RPJMD Period 

Table A-2.  List of RAD GRK Documents and corresponding RPJMD Period

Endnotes

[1] CAIT Climate Data Explorer is a free and open online platform made up of a suite of tools containing comprehensive and comparable climate and emissions data. CAIT stands for Climate Analysis Indicators Tool. Accessible at: <http://cait.wri.org>.
[2] At the time the presidential regulation was enacted in 2011, there were only thirty-three provinces in Indonesia. North Kalimantan, established in 2013, did not develop its own RAD GRK and combined its local action plan with East Kalimantan.
[3] All monetary amounts are in Indonesian Rupiah (Rp) unless otherwise indicated.
[4]  BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik, Statistics Indonesia). 2015. “Statistik Indonesia 2015.” Jakarta: BPS.
[5] Government of Indonesia, Ministry of Environment and Forestry. 2012. “UNFCCC—Forest Land, Indonesian National Carbon Accounting System.” Accessible at: <http://www.incas-indonesia.org/>. (Accessed May 10, 2016.)
[6] BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik, Statistics Indonesia). 2012. “Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Berdasarkan Harga Berlaku per Provinsi.” Accessible at: <http://data.go.id/dataset/produk-domestik-regional-bruto-berdasarkan-harga-berlaku-per-provinsi>. (Accessed April 30, 2016.)
[7] DKI Jakarta developed their RAD GRK documents before the issuance of Presidential Regulation 61/2011, thus there was no guidance on which year to use for base year and baseline at that time.
[8] IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change). 2007. “Direct Global Warming Potentials.” Accessible at: <https://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/wg1/en/ch3s2-10-2.html>. (Accessed May 17, 2016.)
[9] BAPPENAS (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional, National Development Planning Agency). 2015. “Pedoman Umum, Petunjuk Teknis dan Manual Perhitungan Pemantauan, Evaluasi dan Pelaporan (PEP) Pelaksanaan RAN RAD-GRK Bidang Berbasis Lahan.” Jakarta: BAPPENAS.
[10] BAPPENAS (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional, National Development Planning Agency). 2015. “Pedoman Umum, Petunjuk Teknis dan Manual Perhitungan Pemantauan, Evaluasi dan Pelaporan (PEP) Pelaksanaan RAN RAD-GRK Bidang Berbasis Lahan.” Jakarta: BAPPENAS.
[11] BAPPENAS (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional, National Development Planning Agency). 2015. “Pedoman Umum, Petunjuk Teknis dan Manual Perhitungan Pemantauan, Evaluasi dan Pelaporan (PEP) Pelaksanaan RAN RAD-GRK Bidang Berbasis Lahan.” Jakarta: BAPPENAS.
[12] RAD GRKs have been implemented for five years in thirty-three provinces in Indonesia. The newly formed province of Kalimantan Utara (North Kalimantan) will prepare its RAD GRK document in 2016. The PEP RAD GRK 2010–14 shows that in 2010–12, most of the thirty-three provinces had submitted the report. However, only twenty-six provinces submitted the report in 2013, and twenty-two in 2014.
[13] BAPPENAS (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional, National Development Planning Agency). 2011. “Guideline for Implementing Local Action Plan for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction (RAD-GRK).” Accessible at: <http://www.sekretariat-rangrk.org/images/documents/Buku_Pedoman_Pelaksanaan_Rencana_Aksi_Penurunan_Emisi_GRK_English.pdf>. See Annex 1 in the document for complete list of mitigation activities suggested by BAPPENAS to be included in RAD GRK. (Accessed May 10, 2016.)
[14] BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik, Statistics Indonesia). 2015. “Statistik Indonesia 2015.” Jakarta: BPS.
[15] BPS (Badan Pusat Statistik, Statistics Indonesia). 2012.  “Produk Domestik Regional Bruto Berdasarkan Harga Berlaku per Provinsi.” Accessible at: <http://data.go.id/dataset/produk-domestik-regional-bruto-berdasarkan-harga-berlaku-per-provinsi>.  (Accessed April 30, 2016.)
[16]  Indonesia Data. n.d. “Daftar Provinsi dan Luas Wilayah Indonesia Tahun 2010.” Accessible at: <http://indonesiadata.co.id/>. (Accessed April 30, 2016.)
[17] Government of Indonesia, Ministry of Environment and Forestry. 2012. “UNFCCC—Forest Land, Indonesian National Carbon Accounting System.” Accessible at: <http://www.incas-indonesia.org/>. (Accessed May 10, 2016.)
[18] MoEF (Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan). 2015. “Direktorat Inventarisasi Gas Rumah Kaca dan Monitoring, Pelaporan, dan Verifikasi” (Inventory System for National Greenhouse Gases, SIGN SMART). Accessible at: <http://signsmart.menlhk.go.id/home/emisi>. (Accessed June 2016.)
[19] See Appendix 2 for comprehensive list reference of RAD GRK documents for each province.
[20] BAPPENAS (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional, National Development Planning Agency). 2016. “Laporan Pelaksanaan Perpres No.61/2011 Tentang Rencana Aksi Nasional Penurunan Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca Tahun 2015.” Jakarta: BAPPENAS
[21] BAPPENAS (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional, National Development Planning Agency). 2016. “Musyawarah Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional 2016.” Accessible at: <http://musrenbangnas.bappenas.go.id/>. (Accessed May 13, 2016.)
[22] Setiawan, Budhi. Personal Interview. April 20, 2016.
[23] Government of Indonesia, Ministry of Environment and Forestry. 2012. “Indonesian National Carbon Accounting System.” Accessible at: <http://www.incas-indonesia.org/>. (Accessed May 10, 2016.)
[24] Sekretariat RAN GRK. “Sekretariat RAN-GRK.” Accessible at: <http://www.sekretariat-rangrk.org>. (Accessed May 13, 2016.)
[xxv] BAPPENAS (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional, National Development Planning Agency). 2011. “Guideline for Implementing Local Action Plan for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction (RAD-GRK).” Accessible at: <http://www.sekretariat-rangrk.org/images/documents/Buku_Pedoman_Penyusunan_RAD_GRK_English.pdf>. (Accessed May 10, 2016.)
[xxvi] BAPPENAS (Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional, National Development Planning Agency). 2011. “Guideline for Implementing Local Action Plan for Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction (RAD-GRK).” Accessible at: <http://www.sekretariat-rangrk.org/images/documents/Buku_Pedoman_Penyusunan_RAD_GRK_English.pdf>. (Accessed May 10, 2016.)